For decades, we’ve produced the bulk of our food through industrial agriculture, a system dominated by large farms growing the same crops year after year, using enormous amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers that damage our soil, water, air, and climate. This system is not built to last because it degrades the resources it depends on.
It’s clear that we must shift to more sustainable farming practices to ensure the long-term health and productivity of our agricultural systems. Although“sustainable” is an elastic term that can mean many different things depending on the context, in agriculture, it generally means a model that depends on healthy soil and clean water, minimizes the use of pesticides and chemicals, prioritizes the conservation of water and other resources, and encourages biodiversity of plants and animal species in the system.
Today more farmers are adopting sustainable farming practices to meet consumer demand and the challenges of climate change that are making resource conservation imperative. Some are even going beyond sustainable to a regenerative model, which attempts to not only stop damaging our ecosystem but actually improve it. In a sustainable farming model, producers incorporate all or most of these practices:
Every one of these practices contributes to healthy soil, which is the foundation of sustainable agriculture. Without it, plant growth and agricultural production cannot take place. Healthy, living soil promotes healthy crops, holds water like a sponge, prevents pollution, and helps ensure that farmers and their communities can thrive. Keeping farm soils protected and teeming with living organisms can solve many of the problems associated with industrial agriculture.
Soils are categorized by their texture, or percentage of sand, silt, and clay. Depending on how much of these elements are present in the soil, it will either facilitate or hinder the absorption of water. When the structure prevents water penetration, the water tends to pool on the surface and is eventually lost to evaporation or runoff, depriving the soil and plant of this vital resource. Conversely, when infiltration does occur in these soils, it is slow. The soil surface is exposed to water for long periods (even though the water is not being absorbed), which can lead to waterlogging and root death.
Compacted soils and soils with high salinity pose similar problems: their structure reduces the movement and absorption of water, which deprives the plant of the nutrients it needs to thrive. When the root zone is deprived of adequate water, crop growth and yields are lower.
Nanobubbles are a non-chemical solution to soil structure problems. These tiny bubbles–about 2500 times smaller than a grain of salt–move randomly and continuously in water. Water has a high surface tension, which means its molecules form a tight bond that creates a skin or film on its surface. Water tends to pool on a surface instead of being absorbed. Nanobubbles have high internal pressure and hard surface and are in constant motion until they finally burst. When that happens, they break the surface tension of water, which allows the water to infiltrate the soil and the plant instead of pooling.
High-quality irrigation water is essential for a sustainable and productive agricultural system. Nanobubbles have several properties that produce high-quality water. Their constant random motion super-oxygenates the water with high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO).
When root cells absorb super-oxygenated water, their metabolic rates increase and they can continually absorb nutrients and water from the soil, leading to significantly better root and plant development. Root cells grow faster and expend less energy in the absorption of nutrients, while also benefiting from the favorable environment created by higher oxygen levels in the root zone. High-oxygen environments not only encourage the growth of beneficial microbes but also inhibit the growth of pathogens.
Nanobubbles also provide oxidation. At a typical concentration of hundreds of millions of nanobubbles per mL and with neutral buoyancy, nanobubbles hover uniformly within a liquid, constantly providing natural oxidation. When nanobubbles encounter contaminants in the water, they collapse and produce hydroxyl radicals. These highly oxidative species are like hydrogen peroxide or chlorine in the way they destroy and remove contaminants. But they do this without chemicals, allowing growers to control pathogens and reduce their use of expensive and potentially risky chemicals.
Nanobubbles help control plant disease without the application of chemicals and pesticides. When nanobubbles finally collapse, it causes direct cell lysis of pathogens through oxidation. This has the effect of limiting disease in the plant and the need for chemical herbicides.
The natural oxidation capacity of nanobubbles also degrades biofilm and prevents its build-up. Biofilm is pervasive on most surfaces in frequent contact with water and acts as a potential refuge for a wide range of plant root pathogens. For example, scientists at the University of California and China Agricultural University recently found that nanobubbles are “detrimental to the mutualistic interactions among microbial species, destabilizing the [molecular ecological] network complexity and size…decreasing extracellular polymers and biofilm biomass.”
Because they decrease or eliminate the chemicals normally needed to control biofilm, the use of nanobubbles results in less water pollution and runoff of chemically treated water. The natural soil improvement that results from nanobubble use not only increases crop yields, it also increases soil microbial activity leading to healthier soil. The result is “Healthy, living soil [that] promotes healthy crops, holds water like a sponge, prevents pollution, and helps ensure that farmers and their communities can thrive.”
For farmers undertaking a transition to a sustainable farming model, help is available in the form of federal and state grants. There is no comprehensive list of these programs, but Google is a good resource. Here are some major grant and fund programs:
Some state governments also have programs such as California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (CSARE) and Massachusetts Agricultural Preservation Restriction program (MAPR). Again, Google will help locate programs in your state. Or check with your state’s farm bureau or agriculture department.
It's worth noting that these programs and their eligibility requirements may change over time, and it is always best to check the most recent information from the relevant agency.
Many non-profit organizations now offer training to farmers interested in transitioning to and/or managing a sustainable farm. The nonprofit FoodTank.com recently published a list of 18 organizations that educate farmers about sustainability throughout the world. Here are four notable organizations that offer some kind of sustainable farming program for U.S. farmers:
There are likely to be more as sustainability is a very hot topic now. If you conduct a Google search for “sustainable agriculture training” or “sustainable agriculture education” and similar terms you can find more. Many of them are virtual but if you add a location, you may be able to find in-person classes near you.